1. Dolly is a sheep that was experimented on for cloning in 1997.
2. Embryo twining
3. Diploids
4. plasmid
5. Nucleus
6. Microscope, Petri dishes, sharp pipette, blunt pipette, Chemical to stimulate cell division, mimi (mouse we will clone, brown), megdo (egg cell donor, black), mom (surrogate mother to grow mimi clone, white)
7.
____4____Stimulate cell division
____6____Deliver baby
____2____ Remove and discard the nucleus from the egg cell
____1____ Isolate donor cells from egg donor and germ cell donor
____3____ Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the egg cell
____5____ Implant embryo into a surrogate mother
8. One of the things you have to wait for is the time that the nucleus and the cell need a couple of hours to adjust to each other. The second gap is when the cell needs time to divide a few times creating a ball of 16 cells in the petri dish this may take a couple of hours.
9. brown Mini Mimi
10. It's problematic because if they were able to clone the extint animals they are only able to make female versions of that animal.
11. Two reasons could be to help infertile couples have children or to replace a deceased child.
12. Sea Urchins
13. Spemann fashioned a tiny noose from a piece of baby hair and tightened it between two cells.
14. enucleating
15. tadpole
16. yes
17. yes it can
18. Fusion and Copy
19. 1995
20. Dolly the Sheep
21. Scientists "reprogram" the cell by removing the nucleus of the somatic cell and placing it in the enucleated egg cell.
22. The transgene that was inserted in the donor somatic cells was designed to express human clotting factor IX protein in the milk of sheep. This protein plays an essential role in blood coagulation and deficiency leads to the disease Haemophilia B of which treatment requires intravenous infusion of factor IX.
23. An undifferentiated cell whose daughter cells may differentiate into other cell types.
24. The reason they do not look the same is because of their X chromosome. In cats, a gene that helps determine coat color resides on this chromosome. Both CC and Rainbow, being females, have two X chromosomes. Since the two cats have the exact same X chromosomes, they have the same two coat color genes, one specifying black and the other specifying orange.
25. This means that while genetics can help determine traits, environmental influences have a considerable impact on shaping an individual's physical appearance and personality.
26.
______no_____Sperm taken from a mole goat is combined with a female's egg in a petri dish. The resulting embryo is implanted into the female's uterus to develop
______yes_____A sheep embryo, composed of 16 cells, is removed from the mother's uterus and separated into indivudal cells. Each cell is allowed to multiply, creating 16 separate embryos, which are then implanted in different female sheep to develop to maturity.
_______yes____A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother.
_______no____ In vitro fertilization
_______no___ Cell nuclei from an extinct wolly mammoth are placed into enucleated cow cells.
27.
Invitro fertilization
a process by which egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside the body
Embryo splitting
The splitting of young embryos into several sections, each of which develops into an organism
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
a laboratory technique for creating a clonal embryo, using an ovum with a donor nucleus
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer
is a way to produce an animal of certain genetic qualities faster.
Artificial Insemination
the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some means other than sexual intercourse
28. Some reasons failure may occur are; the enucleated egg and the transferred nucleus may not be compatible; an egg with a newly transferred nucleus may not begin to divide or develop properly; implantation of the embryo into the surrogate mother might fail; the pregnancy itself might fail.
29. A telomere is a region of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration. Chromosomes from cloned cattle or mice had longer telomeres than normal. These cells showed other signs of youth and seemed to have an extended lifespan compared with cells from a naturally conceived cow. On the other hand, Dolly the sheep's chromosomes had shorter telomere lengths than normal. This means that Dolly's cells were aging faster than the cells from a normal sheep.
30. For my essay I chose "What are the risks?"
Cloning has both benefits and risks. To me the risks seem to outnumber the positives. Some of them being, high failure rate, problems during later development, abnormal gene expression patterns, or even telomeric differences. Now some of these terms can be very complex and may not be as clear to some one uneducated compared to a scientist. These risks can lead to, shorter lifespans, possibilities of being born with a disease and many others.
